Particle Interface Mechanics Explains Cone Penetration Behavior in Lunar Regolith Simulants Under Load Conditions
Keywords:
Lunar Regolith, Cone Penetration Testing, Interface Mechanics, Granular DynamicsAbstract
The renewed global interest in lunar exploration necessitates a comprehensive understanding of extraterrestrial soil mechanics, particularly concerning the interaction between geotechnical investigation tools and lunar regolith. Cone penetration testing represents a highly reliable method for in-situ soil characterization; however, the unique physical properties of lunar regolith, characterized by high angularity, broad particle size distribution, and an absence of atmospheric moisture, severely complicate the particle-interface mechanics during penetration. This paper presents an extensive investigation into the microscopic and macroscopic mechanical behaviors at the interface between cone penetration tools and lunar regolith simulants. Utilizing meticulously prepared terrestrial simulants, a series of comprehensive penetration experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of relative density, tool surface roughness, and penetration rate on tip resistance and sleeve friction. The study focuses on the localized particle kinematics, including rotation, displacement, and crushing at the tool interface. By analyzing the formation of shear bands and the evolution of the compacted soil core ahead of the penetrometer tip, this research delineates the distinct friction mechanisms governing extraterrestrial soil-tool interactions. The findings indicate that particle interlocking and localized dilation significantly augment penetration resistance, deviating substantially from standard terrestrial empirical correlations. These insights are critical for the optimization of future lunar rovers, landers, and automated geotechnical survey equipment intended for in-situ resource utilization and infrastructure development on the lunar surface.
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